Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Investigar em Psicanálise? : Contributos Teórico-Metodológicos a Partir de uma Investigação Conceptual Sobre a Contratransferência

Abstract

Research in psychoanalysis?
Theoretical-methodological Contributions from a Conceptual Investigation on Countertransference
  There has been an ongoing debate regarding the scientific status of psychoanalysis, its research methods, and knowledge production. From a pluralist perspective of science, it is argued that research methods and instruments need to be adequate to the specificity of the object of study. Thus, from an ontological point of view, psychoanalysis is based on a conception of the psychic that presupposes a divided, conflictual and defended subject. Based on ongoing conceptual research of the clinical use of the concept of countertransference, we sought to construct a device appropriate to the phenomenon under research, using a psychoanalytically informed methodology. We used the Free Association Narrative Interview (FANI) and the dynamics established in the research group during the analysis of the material to gain access to the implicit meanings of the concept. The processes underlying the procedure used for analysing the interviews were discussed and explained using Bion’s theory of thinking, namely the concepts of negative capacity, alpha dream work and selected fact. This paper aims to make theoretical and methodological contributions to the clarification of research in psychoanalysis outside the analytic room.

Keywords

psychoanalytic research, conceptual research, countertransference, negative capability, alpha dream work

PDF (Português)

Author Biography

Filipa Falcão Rosado

Membro Associado da Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicanálise.

Teresa Santos Neves

Membro Associado da Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicanálise.

Sandra Roberto

Candidata da Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicanálise.

Orlando Cruz Santos

Membro Associado da Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicanálise.

Luís Martins Pote

Candidato da Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicanálise.


References

  1. Bachelard, G. (1934). La formation de l’esprit scientifique: Contribution à une psychanalyse de la connaissance objective. Vrin.
  2. Baranger, M. & Baranger, W. (2008). The analytic situation as a dynamic field. International. Journal of Psychoanalysis, 89, 795–826. (Original publicado em 1961).
  3. Bleger, J. (2012). Theory and practice in psychoanalysis/ psychoanalytic praxis. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 93, 993–1003. (Original publicado em 1969.) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-8315.2012.00593.x
  4. Bion, W. R. (1959). Attacks on linking. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 40, 308–315.
  5. Bion, W. R. (1962). Learning from experience. Karnac Books.
  6. Bion, W. R. (1970). Attention and interpretation: A scientific approach to insight in psycho-analysis and groups. Karnac Books.
  7. Bion, W. R. (1992). Cogitations. Karnac Books.
  8. Bolognini, S. (2010). Secret passages: The theory and technique of interpsychic relations. Karnac Books.
  9. Canestri, J. (2003). The logic of psychoanalytic research. Em M. Leuzinger-Bohleber, A. Dreher & J. Canestri (Eds.), Pluralism and unity? Methods of research in psychoanalysis (pp.137–147). International Psychoanalytic Association.
  10. Caper, R. (2009). Building out into the dark: Theory and observation in science and psychoanalysis. Routledge.
  11. Civitarese, G. (2018). Spectres of transference. Em A. Ferro (Ed.), Contemporary bionian theory and technique in psychoanalysis (pp. 44–77). Routledge.
  12. Dreher, A. U. (2015). Psychoanalytic research with or without the psyche? Some remarks on the intricacies of clinical research. Em S. Boag, L. Brakel & V. Talvitie (Eds.), Philosophy, science and psychoanalysis (pp. 219–246). Karnac Books.
  13. Dreher, A. U. (2000). Foundations for conceptual research in psychoanalysis. Karnac Books.
  14. Dreher, A. (2003). What conceptual research have to offer? Em M. Leuzinger-Bohbler, A. Dreher & J. Canestri (Eds.), Pluralism and unity? Methods of research in psychoanalysis (pp. 109–124). International Psychoanalytic Association.
  15. Dreher, A. U. (2022). What is clinical research in psychoanalysis?: Some comments on its scientific background. Em M. Altmann de Litvan (Ed.), Clinical research in psychoanalysis: Theoretical basis and experiences through working parties (pp. 11–26). Routledge.
  16. Dreher, A.U., Grinspon, A., Harris. A. & Papiasvili, E. D. (2023). Countertransference. Em IPA inter-regional encyclopedic dictionary of psychoanalysis. https://www.ipa.world/ipa/En1/en/Encyclopedic_Dictionary/English/Copyright.aspx
  17. Ferenczi, S. (1919). Further contributions to the theory and technique of psycho-analysis. Karnac Books.
  18. Ferenczi, S. & Rank, O. (1988). The Development of Psychoanalysis: A Historical Critical Retrospect. Em B. Wolstein (Ed.), Essential Papers on Countertransference (pp. 26–35). New York University Press. (Original publicado em 1924.)
  19. Ferro, A. (2002). Seeds of illness and seeds of recovery: The genesis of suffering and the role of psychoanalysts. Routledge.
  20. Fonagy, P., Kachele, H., Krause, R., Jones, E., Perron, R., Clarkin, J. & Allison, E. (2002). An open door review of outcome studies in psychoanalysis. International Psychoanalytical Association.
  21. Freud, S. (1953). The interpretation of dreams. Em J. Strachey (Ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 4, 5. The Hogarth Press e Institute of Psychoanalysis. (Original publicado em 1900.)
  22. Freud, S. (1959). Postscript to the question of lay analysis. Em J. Strachey (Ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 20 (pp. 251–258). Hogarth Press e Institute of Psychoanalysis. (Original publicado em 1927.)
  23. Freud, S. (1961). The future prospects of psychoanalytic therapy. Em J. Strachey (Ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 12 (pp. 139–152). Hogarth Press e Institute of Psychoanalysis. (Original publicado em 1910.)
  24. Freud, S. (1961). Analysis terminable and interminable. Em J. Strachey (Ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 23 (pp. 209–254). Hogarth Press e Institute of Psychoanalysis. (Original publicado em 1937.)
  25. Freud, S. (1963). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. Em J. Strachey (Ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 16. Hogarth Press e Institute of Psychoanalysis. (Original publicado em 1916.)
  26. Green, A. (1992). Review of cogitations. Em The Complete Works of W. R. Bion, vol. 11 (pp. 353–364). Routledge.
  27. Green, A. (2003). The pluralism of sciences and psychoanalytic thinking. Em M. Leuzinger-Bohleber, A. Dreher & J. Canestri (Eds.), Pluralism and unity? Methods of research in psychoanalysis (pp. 26–44). International Psychoanalytic Association.
  28. Green, A. (2005). The illusion of common ground and mythical pluralism. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 86, 627–632.
  29. Green, A. (2009). Resonance of suffering: Countertransference in non-neurotic structures. Routledge.
  30. Grinberg, L. (1956). Sobre algunos problemas de la técnica psicoanalítica determinados por la identificación y contraidentificación proyectiva. Revista de Psicoanálisis, 13, 507–511.
  31. Heimann, P. (1950). On counter-transference. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 31, 81–84.
  32. Hinshelwood, R. D. (1996). Convergences with psycho-analysis. Em I. Parker & R. Spiers (Eds.), Psychology and Society (pp. 93–104). Pluto Press.
  33. Holmes, J. (2013). Using psychoanalysis in qualitative research: countertransference informed researcher reflexivity and defence mechanisms in two interviews about migration. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 10(2), 160–173.
  34. Holmes, J. (2019). A practical psychoanalytic guide to reflexive research: The reverie research method. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429467363
  35. Hollway, W. (2004). An appropriate research paradigm for evaluating psychoanalytically-informed practices. International Journal of Infant Observation and its Applications, 7(2/3), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698030408405041
  36. Hollway, W. (2008). The Importance of relational thinking in the practice of psycho-social research: Ontology, epistemology, methodology and ethics. Em S. Clarke, H. Hahn & P. Hoggett (Eds.), Object relations and social relations: The implications of the relational turn in psychoanalysis (pp. 137–162). Karnac Books.
  37. Hollway, W. (2016). Emotional experience plus reflection: countertransference and reflexivity in research. The Psychotherapist, 62, 19–21.
  38. Hollway, W. & Froggett, L. (2013). Researching in-between subjective experience and reality. Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung, 38(2), 140–157.
  39. Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (2008). The free association narrative interview method. Em L. Given (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods (pp. 296–315). Sage.
  40. Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (2013). Doing qualitative research differently: Free association, narrative and the interview method. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526402233
  41. Kernberg, O. F. (1999). Psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic psychotherapy and supportive psychotherapy: Contemporary controversies. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 80(6), 1075–1091.
  42. Klein, M. (2017). A Contribution to the psychogenesis of Manic-Depressive states. Em The Collected Works of Melanie Klein (vol. 1, pp. 262–289). Routledge. (Original publicado em 1935.)
  43. Klein, M. (2017). Mourning and its relation to manic-depressive states. Em The Collected Works of Melanie Klein (vol. 1, pp. 344–369). Routledge. (Original publicado em 1940.)
  44. Klein, M. (2017). Notes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms. Em The Collected Works of Melanie Klein (vol. 3, pp. 1–24). Routledge. (Original publicado em 1946.)
  45. Kvale, S. (2003). The psychoanalytical interview as inspiration for qualitative research. Em P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 275–297). American Psychological Association.
  46. Laplanche, J. & Pontalis, J. B. (1967). Vocabulaire de la psychanalyse. PUF. Laudan, J. (1981). A confutation of convergent realism. Philosophy of Science, 48(1), 19–49.
  47. Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. & Burgin, D. (2003). Pluralism and unity in psychoanalytic research: Some introductory remarks. Em M. Leuzinger-Bohleber, A. Dreher & J. Canestri (Eds.), Pluralism and unity? Methods of research in psychoanalysis (pp. 45–62). International Psychoanalytic Association.
  48. Little, M. (1951). Counter-transference and the patient’s response to it. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 32, 32–40.
  49. Mijolla, A. D. (2005). Dicionário internacional da psicanálise. Imago.
  50. Neves, T. S. (2008). Research in psychoanalysis: an area of controversy. Revista Portuguesa de Psicanálise. 28(2), 33–59.
  51. Ogden, T. (1994). The analytic third: Working with intersubjective clinical facts. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 75, 3–19.
  52. Piaget, J. (1970). Introduction: La situation des sciences de l’homme dans le système des sciences. Em R. Maheu (Ed.), Tendances principales de la recherche dans les sciences sociales et humaines. Première partie: Sciences sociales. Mouton/ UNESCO.
  53. Poincaré, H. (1908). Science et méthode. Flammarion.
  54. Racker, H. (1968). Transference and countertransference. Hogarth Press.
  55. Racker, H. (1988). The meanings and uses of countertransference. Em B. Wolstein (Ed.), Essential Papers on Countertransference (pp. 158–201).
  56. New York University Press. (Original publicado em 1957.)
  57. Reich, A. (1951). On counter-transference. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 32, 25–31.
  58. Roberto, S., Rosado, F. F., Santos, O. C.., Pote, L. M., Neves, T. S. (2021).
  59. Investigação qualitativa psicanaliticamente informada: Contributos teórico-metodológicos. Investigação Qualitativa em Saúde: avanços e desafios (vol 8, pp: 770–777). https://doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.8.2021.770-777
  60. Rosado, F. F., Marques, M. E., Neves, T.S. (2015). Inquietante scientia: Pensar o campo epistemológico da psicanálise. Revista de Psicanálise da SPPA, 22(1), 21–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/sppa%20revista.v22i1.124
  61. Rustin, M. (2008). For dialogue between psychoanalysis and constructionism: a comment on paper by Frosh and Baraitser. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 13(4), 406–415.
  62. Sandler, J., Dreher, A. & Drews, S. (1991). An approach to conceptual research in psychoanalysis illustrated by a consideration of psychic trauma. International Review of Psychoanalysis, 18, 133–141.
  63. Stamenova, K., & Hinshelwood, R. D. (2018). Methods of research into the unconscious: Applying psychoanalytic ideas to social science. Routledge.
  64. Stengers, I. (1992). La volonté de faire science: À propos de la psychanalyse. Les Empêcheurs de penser en rond.
  65. Stepansky, P. E. (2009). Psychoanalysis at the margins. Other Press.
  66. Stern, D. (2000). The relevance of empirical infant research to psychoanalytic theory and practice. Em J. Sandler, A. Sandler & R. Davies (Eds.), Clinical and observational psychoanalytic research: Roots of a controversy (pp. 73–90). Karnac Books.
  67. Wallerstein, R. (2005a). Dialogue or illusion? How do we go from here? Response to André Green. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 86, 633–638.
  68. Wallerstein, R. (2005b). Will psychoanalytic pluralism be an enduring state of our discipline?. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 86, 623–626.
  69. Winnicott, D. W. (1949). Hate in the Counter-Transference. The International Journal of Psychonalysis, 30, 69–74.
  70. Winnicott DW (1969). The use of an object and relating through identifications. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 50, 711–716.